Operators

“Data is the new oil.” — Clive Humby

Operators perform calculations, compare values, or combine logical values. Control structures use logical conditions to decide which code to run. Common examples include arithmetic operations such as addition (+), comparisons such as greater than (>), and Boolean operations such as AND (& or && in R).

Operator	Description	Example
Arithmetic operators
+	Addition	x + y
-	Subtraction	x - y
*	Multiplication	x * y
/	Division	x / y
^ or **	Exponentiation	x^y
x %% y	Modulus (x mod y)	x %% y
Relational operators
<	Test whether x is smaller than y	x < y
>	Test whether x is greater than y	x > y
==	Test whether x equals y	x == y
>=	Test whether x is greater than or equal to y	x >= y
<=	Test whether x is less than or equal to y	x <= y
!=	Test whether x differs from y	x != y
Logical operators
!	logical NOT	!x
&	element-wise logical AND	x & y
&&	logical AND	x && y
|	element-wise logical OR	x | y
||	logical OR	x || y

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Information

• Modulo gives the remainder after division.
  
  Example: 10 %% 3 = 1 (i.e. "ten modulo three equals one")
  because 10 / 3 = 3, remainder 1 (3 * 3 + 1 = 10)


• Relational operators compare values.


• Logical operators carry out Boolean operations such as AND, OR, and NOT on logical values.


• Operators & and | perform element-wise operations. Their result has the length of the longer operand.
  
  Operators && and || use a single logical value from each operand and return a single logical value. Use length-one operands; supplying a vector with more than one element causes an error in current R versions.